The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs.

Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS) is a very rare genetic disease, characterized by permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and other clinical manifestations, including recurrent episodes of acute liver failure.

Fewer than 60 cases have been reported to date. Most patients are from consanguineous families. Prevalence may therefore vary significantly between countries.WRS may be underdiagnosed because of early death before diagnosis.

Diabetes occurs early, generally before six months of age, is permanent and insulin-dependent from the onset. Skeletal dysplasia generally manifests within the 1st or 2nd year of life, and is associated with short stature (dwarfism with short trunk). Deficient mineralization or dysplastic changes, affecting the long bones, pelvis and vertebrae, but usually not the skull, may be seen on radiography as early as diabetes onset. Hepatic dysfunction is a 3rd characteristic feature and the most life-threatening complication, and manifests by elevated hepatic enzymes, liver enlargement and recurrent acute liver failure. Other manifestations vary between patients in type and severity and include renal dysfunction, exocrine pancreas insufficiency, intellectual deficit, hypothyroidism, neutropenia and recurrent infections. Clinical course is variable, including within the same sibship.

WRS is caused by mutations in the EIF2AK3 gene encoding eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 (PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; PERK), which plays a key role in translation control during unfolded protein response.

Diagnosis should be suspected in any infant with permanent neonatal diabetes and skeletal dysplasia and/or episodes of acute liver failure, and family history of consanguinity and/or neonatal diabetes. Diabetes is not autoimmune as shown by absence of antibodies specific for type 1 diabetes. Radiographs show early signs of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and deficient mineralization. Molecular genetic testing confirms the diagnosis.

Differential diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and, ultimately, genetic testing. That of NDM (see this term) includes transient NDM, and other PNDMs that may be isolated or syndromic. Differential diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia includes other spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasias such as mucopolysaccharidoses (see these terms) where diabetes may occur independently at an older age.

Antenatal diagnosis should be offered to parents of a WRS patient with confirmed EIF2AK3 mutation.

Inheritance is autosomal recessive and genetic counseling is possible.

Close therapeutic monitoring of diabetes should be considered and treatment with an insulin pump is recommended, especially in the first months of life, due to the risk of acute episodes of hypoglycemia. At any age, hypoglycemia should be prevented because the disease can decompensate, even if this requires maintaining the level of glucose above the objectives generally recommended in diabetic children. General anesthesia increases the risk of acute aggravation, because of particular sensitivity of patients to anesthetics, and should be avoided wherever possible. Any drug or vaccine not strictly necessary should be limited, due to the risk of triggering secondary liver and/or kidney failure.

Prognosis is poor and most patients die at a young age from multipleorgan failure with predominant liver and renal dysfunction.

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